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This guide shows you <strong>how to fix the Master boot record (MBR)</strong> in any of the Windows versions: <strong>Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows XP, Vista, 7,</strong> or <strong>Windows 8</strong>.

[toc]
<h2>What is the MBR</h2>
The MBR (stands for "Master boot record") is a boot sector (a region of your hard disk) that holds information about the partitions of your hard drive and acts as a loader for the operating system you're running.

The Master boot record is created when you first install Windows, on the first partition you create. It's the first 512 bytes of your hard disk.

<strong>If the MBR is damaged, you won't be able to boot into Windows.</strong> All Windows versions - Windows XP, Vista, 7 or 8 - use MBR and, if damaged you won't be able to boot.

It can be damaged by certain viruses that target the MBR to replace it with their own code or in cases when you dual boot with a Linux distribution (see <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/no-such-partition-grub-rescue/">Error: no such partition. Grub rescue article</a>).
<h3>Backup</h3>
You can backup the MBR since it's stored on the hard disk and you restore it later, when needed.

You only need one command to backup the MBR:
<pre>dd if=/dev/sda of=/path-to-save/mbr-backup bs=512 count=1</pre>
In the above command, <code>/path-to-save/mbr-backup</code> is the path where you want to save <code>mbr-backup</code>.
<h3>Restore</h3>
<p class="alert"><strong>Important:</strong> Restoring your Master boot record with the wrong partition table will make your data unreadable and will make it very hard to recover your data later.</p>

You can restore the saved Master boot record using this command:
<pre>dd if=/path-to-get/mbr-backup of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1</pre>
In this command, <code>/path-to-get/mbr-backup</code> is the path where you have the <code>mbr-backup</code> stored.
<h3>Common errors</h3>
If the Master boot record is broken, your computer may show some of the following errors:
<ul>
 	<li>Error loading operating system (see our <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/error-loading-operating-system/">Error loading operating system: Fix for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 guide</a>)</li>
</ul>
[caption id="attachment_446" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="wp-image-446 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/08/error-loading-operating-system-error.png" alt="The &quot;Error loading operating system&quot; error" width="980" height="536" /> The "Error loading operating system" error[/caption]
<ul>
 	<li>Operating System not found(see our <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/operating-system-not-found-missing/">Operating System not found or missing: Fix for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 guide</a>)</li>
</ul>
[caption id="attachment_459" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="wp-image-459 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/08/operating-system-not-found-missing.png" alt="The &quot;Operating system not found&quot; error" width="980" height="536" /> The "Operating system not found" error[/caption]
<ul>
 	<li>Invalid partition table(see our <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/invalid-partition-table/">Invalid partition table: Fix for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10 guide</a>)</li>
</ul>
[caption id="attachment_2106" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="wp-image-2106 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/invalid-partition-table.png" alt="The &quot;Invalid partition table&quot; error" width="980" height="450" /> The "Invalid partition table" error[/caption]
<ul>
 	<li>No bootable medium found(see our <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/no-bootable-medium-found/">No bootable medium found: Fix for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10 guide</a>)</li>
</ul>
[caption id="attachment_4961" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="wp-image-4961 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/No_medium_error.png" alt="The &quot;No bootable medium found&quot; error" width="980" height="450" /> The "No bootable medium found" error[/caption]
<ul>
 	<li>Reboot and select proper boot device(see our <a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/reboot-and-select-proper-boot-device/">Reboot and select proper boot device: Fix for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8 and 10 guide</a>)</li>
</ul>
[caption id="attachment_2107" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="wp-image-2107 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/reboot-select-proper-boot-device.png" alt="The Reboot and Select proper boot device error" width="980" height="450" /> The Reboot and Select proper boot device error[/caption]

Other errors can be shown, depending on many factors, that are caused by a damaged boot record.
<h2>Fix the MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials</h2>
Easy Recovery Essentials, our bootable recovery and repair CD/USB, is guaranteed to repair most damages done to the Master boot record (MBR) using its <strong>Automated Repair</strong> feature for Windows XP, Vista, 7 or 8:
<ol>
 	<li><a title="Download Easy Recovery Essentials" href="https://neosmart.net/EasyRE/">Download Easy Recovery Essentials</a>. Choose your Windows version (XP, Vista, 7 or 8) before downloading.</li>
 	<li>Burn the image. Follow these instructions on <a href="http://neosmart.net/wiki/recovering-windows-bootloader/">how to burn the bootable ISO image</a> very carefully, as making a bootable CD can be tricky!</li>
 	<li>Boot Easy Recovery Essentials</li>
 	<li>Choose <strong>Automated Repair</strong> option and click Continue

[caption id="attachment_367" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="size-full wp-image-367" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/08/EasyRE-Home.png" alt="Easy Recovery Essentials" width="980" height="644" /> Choose "Automated Repair" in Easy Recovery Essentials[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Choose your Windows installation drive's letter (usually it's <code>C:\</code>) and click on <strong>Automated Repair</strong></li>
 	<li>Easy Recovery Essentials will now begin

[caption id="attachment_511" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="size-full wp-image-511" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/08/Automated-Repair.png" alt="Easy Recovery Essentials" width="980" height="643" /> Easy Recovery Essentials Starts the Process[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Once the process is complete, click Restart</li>
 	<li>Done. Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8 should properly load now.

[caption id="attachment_1220" align="alignnone" width="918"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1220" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/08/windows-xp-vista-7-8-boot-screens-list.png" alt="Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8 Boot Screens" width="918" height="132" /> Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8 Loading Successfully[/caption]</li>
</ol>
You can <a href="http://neosmart.net/EasyRE/">download Easy Recovery Essentials from here</a>.
<h2>Fix the MBR in Windows XP</h2>
Windows XP users can use the <code>fixmbr</code> command to repair the MBR. You need the original Windows XP installation CD to run Recovery Console and run the fixmbr utility.
<p class="info">If you don't have the Windows XP installation CD to run Recovery Console, go to <a href="#Fix_the_MBR_with_Easy_Recovery_Essentials">Fix MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials.</a></p>

The fixmbr command is only available for Windows XP and Windows 2000.

The instructions to run fixmbr are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the Windows XP CD</li>
 	<li>At the "Press any key to boot from CD..." message, press any key to boot into the CD</li>
 	<li>When the Welcome to Setup screen appears, press <kbd>R</kbd> to open <strong>Recovery Console</strong>
[caption id="attachment_1993" align="alignnone" width="636"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1993" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/05/windows-xp-r-recovery-console.jpg" alt="Windows XP Press R for Recovery Console" width="636" height="380" /> Windows XP Press R for Recovery Console[/caption]
</li>

<li>At the "Which Windows installation would you like to log onto" question, type <code>1</code> and hit <kbd>Enter</kbd>, if your Windows XP is the only operating system on your hard drive</li>
 	<li>At the "Type the Administrator password" question, enter the password and hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> afterwards</li>
 	<li>Type <code>fixmbr</code>

[caption id="attachment_2108" align="alignnone" width="980"]<img class="size-full wp-image-2108" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/fixmbr-windows-xp.png" alt="The fixmbr in Command Prompt" width="980" height="400" /> The fixmbr in Command Prompt[/caption]

If the "Are you sure you want to write a new MBR?" message appears, press <kbd>Y</kbd> and hit <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Wait for the process to finish. The fixmbr utility software will repair any damage to the master boot record.</li>
 	<li>Remove the Windows XP CD</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to restart your computer</li>
</ol>
If you weren't able to boot your computer because of a damaged MBR, the above instructions should fix it and your Windows XP should start normally.

<strong>If the fixmbr command doesn't work</strong>, try using the map command to get the correct drive name where you want to repair the Master boot record:
<ol>
 	<li>Type <code>map</code></li>
 	<li>Hit <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Wait for the output of the map utility:
<pre>C: NTFS 1024MB \Device\Harddisk0\Partition1 E: \Device\CdRom0</pre>
The above output is an example. The output for your computer can be different, but note the drive letter for the item with <code>Harddisk0</code>, in this case <code>C:\</code>.</li>
</ol>

<h2>Fix the MBR in Windows Vista</h2>
Windows Vista uses a different utility to fix the MBR than XP does, the <code>bootrec</code> command.

You need your original Windows Vista installation CD/DVD to run the bootrec utility.
<p class="info">If you don't have the Windows Vista installation CD/DVD to run Command Prompt, go to <a href="#Fix_the_MBR_with_Easy_Recovery_Essentials">Fix MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials.</a></p>

The instructions are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from your Windows Vista installation CD or DVD</li>
 	<li>Choose your language and keyboard layout</li>
 	<li>At the Welcome screen, click on <strong>Repair your computer</strong>

[caption id="attachment_2109" align="alignnone" width="393"]<img class="size-full wp-image-2109" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/windows-vista-repair-your-computer.png" alt="Windows Vista Repair Your Computer Menu" width="393" height="277" /> Windows Vista Repair Your Computer Menu[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Choose the operating system and click Next</li>
 	<li>When the <strong>System Recovery Options</strong> window appears, click on Command Prompt</li>
 	<li>When Command Prompt appears, type these commands:
<pre>bootrec /FixMbr bootrec /FixBoot bootrec /RebuildBcd</pre>
You can type <code>bootrec.exe</code> for a full description of above commands.</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> after each command</li>
 	<li>Wait for the operation to finish. If it was a success, a confirmation message will appear on the screen.</li>
 	<li>Remove the CD/DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> and restart your computer</li>
</ol>
You can run Startup Repair for Windows Vista before running bootrec.exe to try and fix the boot error automatically. The steps to run Startup Repair are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the installation CD/DVD</li>
 	<li>Click on <strong>Repair your computer</strong>, after you select the language and keyboard layout

[caption id="attachment_2110" align="alignnone" width="340"]<img class="size-full wp-image-2110" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/windows-vista-system-recovery-options.jpg" alt="Windows Vista System Recovery Options" width="340" height="255" /> Windows Vista System Recovery Options[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Wait for the process to finish. Restart your computer when prompted by the system</li>
</ol>
Another alternative is to completely rebuild the BCD, if the bootrec /rebuildbcd command doesn't work. When you are at the Command Prompt, type the following commands:
<pre>bcdedit /export C:\bcdbackup c: cd boot attrib bcd -s -h -r ren c:\boot\bcd bcd.backup bootrec /rebuildbcd</pre>
After each command, hit <kbd>Enter</kbd>.
<h2>Fix the MBR in Windows 7</h2>
You need your original Windows 7 installation DVD to boot into System Recovery Options and run Command Prompt.
<p class="info">If you don't have the Windows 7 installation CD/DVD to run Command Prompt, go to <a href="#Fix_the_MBR_with_Easy_Recovery_Essentials">Fix MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials.</a></p>
The instructions are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the Windows 7 installation DVD</li>
 	<li>At the "Press any key to boot from CD or DVD...", press any key to boot from the DVD</li>
 	<li>Select a language</li>
 	<li>Select a keyboard layout</li>
 	<li>Click Next</li>
 	<li>Select the operating system and click Next. The "Use recovery tools that can help fix problems starting Windows" must be checked when you select the operating system.</li>
 	<li>At the <strong>System Recovery Options</strong> screen, click on <strong>Command Prompt</strong>

[caption id="attachment_1972" align="alignnone" width="485"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1972" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/05/windows-7-system-recovery-options-screen.jpg" alt="Windows 7 System Recovery Options Screen" width="485" height="362" /> Windows 7 System Recovery Options Screen[/caption]</li>
 	<li>When Command Prompt successfully loads, type this command:
<pre>bootrec /rebuildbcd</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Type the next command:
<pre>bootrec /fixmbr</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Type the next command:
<pre>bootrec /fixboot</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Remove the installation DVD from the disk tray and restart your computer</li>
</ol>
If <code>bootrec /fixmbr</code> and <code>bootrec /fixboot</code> doesn't work, try restoring the boot sector code of your Windows 7:
<ol>
 	<li>Determine the drive letter of your Windows installation CD/DVD by typing these commands in the Command Prompt:
<pre>diskpart select disk 0 list volume</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Look for the "CD-ROM" word in a "Type" column. This item is your CD/DVD installation drive letter. If the drive letter is <code>D:\</code>, type these commands:
<pre>exit D: cd boot dir</pre>
If the drive letter is different than D:\, replace the second command with the drive letter you have noted from the previous list volume command.</li>
 	<li>Type this command:
<pre>bootsect /nt60 SYS /mbr</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Remove the CD/DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to restart your computer</li>
</ol>
<h2>Fix the MBR in Windows 8 or 8.1</h2>
You need the original Windows 8 or 8.1 installation DVD to repair the Master boot record.
<p class="info">If you don't have the Windows 8/8.1 installation CD/DVD to run Command Prompt, go to <a href="#Fix_the_MBR_with_Easy_Recovery_Essentials">Fix MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials.</a></p>
The instructions are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the original installation DVD (or the recovery USB)</li>
 	<li>At the Welcome screen, click <strong>Repair your computer</strong>

[caption id="attachment_2111" align="alignnone" width="610"]<img class="size-full wp-image-2111" src="/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/windows-8-repair-your-computer-screen.png" alt="Windows 8 Repair Your Computer Menu" width="610" height="430" /> Windows 8 Repair Your Computer Menu[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Choose Troubleshoot</li>
 	<li>Choose Command Prompt</li>
 	<li>When the Command Prompt loads, type the following commands:
<pre>bootrec /FixMbr bootrec /FixBoot bootrec /ScanOs bootrec /RebuildBcd</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> after each command and wait for each operation to finish</li>
 	<li>Remove the DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Hit <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Restart your computer and check if Windows 8/8.1 can now boot</li>
</ol>
If bootrec utility doesn't fix your Windows 8/8.1, try following the next commands to fix the EFI bootloader of the Windows 8/8.1:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the installation DVD or the Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 recovery USB</li>
 	<li>Click <strong>Repair your computer</strong></li>
 	<li>Choose Troubleshoot</li>
 	<li>Choose <strong>Command Prompt</strong></li>
 	<li>Type these commands in order and hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> after each:
<pre>diskpart sel disk 0 list vol</pre>
These commands will select the first disk of your computer and the list all the partitions available on that disk.</li>
 	<li>Check for the volume item that has the Fs column FAT32. The EFI partition must be formatted under FAT32. If the volume number of EFI partition is "2", type the following command:
<pre>sel vol 2</pre>
If the volume number is different than 2, replace "2" with the number available on your computer.</li>
 	<li>Assign a letter to this partition, a letter that is different that those already available on your computer, for example <code>x:\</code>. Type this command to assign the letter:
<pre>assign letter=x:</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Wait for the success message to appear:
<pre>DiskPart successfully assigned the drive letter or mount point.</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code> to quit the DiskPart utility:
<pre>exit</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type this command and replace x:\ with the letter you assigned earlier to the EFI partition:
<pre>cd /d x:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Then type the bootrec command to repair the volume:
<pre>bootrec /fixboot</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Now you need to backup the old BCD and recreate a new one. Type:
<pre>ren BCD BCD.backup</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type this command to recreate the BCD and replace the x:\ with the assigned letter earlier:
<pre>bcdboot c:\Windows /l en-us /s x: /f ALL</pre>
</li>
 	<li>In above command, Windows is installed on <code>c:\</code>. If the drive letter where your Windows 8/8.1 is installed is different, replace c:\ with your drive letter.</li>
 	<li>Remove the DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Restart your computer</li>
</ol>
[caption id="attachment_5074" align="alignnone" width="980"]<a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/W8_uefi_fix.png"><img class="size-large wp-image-5074" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/W8_uefi_fix-1024x768.png" alt="Windows 8 bootrec utility results screen" width="980" height="735" /></a> Windows 8 bootrec utility results screen[/caption]
<h2>Fix the MBR in Windows 10</h2>
You need the original Windows 10 installation DVD to repair the Master boot record.
<p class="info">If you don't have the Windows 10 installation DVD to run Command Prompt, go to <a href="#Fix_the_MBR_with_Easy_Recovery_Essentials">Fix MBR with Easy Recovery Essentials.</a></p>
The instructions are:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the original installation DVD (or the recovery USB)</li>
 	<li>At the Welcome screen, click <strong>Repair your computer</strong></li>
 	<li>Choose Troubleshoot</li>
 	<li>Choose Command Prompt</li>
 	<li>When the Command Prompt loads, type the following commands:
<pre>bootrec /FixMbr bootrec /FixBoot bootrec /ScanOs bootrec /RebuildBcd</pre>
[caption id="attachment_4964" align="alignnone" width="619"]<a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/Win10-welcome-screen.png"><img class="wp-image-4964 size-full" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/Win10-welcome-screen.png" alt="Windows 10 Repair Your Computer Menu" width="619" height="458" /></a> Windows 10 Repair Your Computer Menu[/caption]</li>
 	<li>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> after each command and wait for each operation to finish</li>
 	<li>Remove the DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Hit <kbd>Enter</kbd></li>
 	<li>Restart your computer and check if Windows 10 can now boot</li>
</ol>
If bootrec utility doesn't fix your Windows 10 installation, try following the next commands to fix the EFI bootloader:
<ol>
 	<li>Boot from the installation DVD or the Windows 10 setup or recovery USB</li>
 	<li>Click <strong>Repair your computer</strong></li>
 	<li>Choose Troubleshoot</li>
 	<li>Choose <strong>Command Prompt</strong></li>
 	<li>Type these commands in order and hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> after each:
<pre>diskpart sel disk 0 list vol</pre>
These commands will select the first disk of your computer and the list all the partitions available on that disk.</li>
 	<li>Check for the volume item that has the Fs column FAT32. The EFI partition must be formatted under FAT32. If the volume number of EFI partition is "2", type the following command:
<pre>sel vol 2</pre>
If the volume number is different than 2, replace "2" with the number available on your computer.</li>
 	<li>Assign a letter to this partition, a letter that is different that those already available on your computer, for example <code>x:\</code>. Type this command to assign the letter:
<pre>assign letter=x:</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Wait for the success message to appear:
<pre>DiskPart successfully assigned the drive letter or mount point.</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code> to quit the DiskPart utility:
<pre>exit</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type this command and replace x:\ with the letter you assigned earlier to the EFI partition:
<pre>cd /d x:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Then type the bootrec command to repair the volume:
<pre>bootrec /fixboot</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Now you need to backup the old BCD and recreate a new one. Type:
<pre>ren BCD BCD.backup</pre>
</li>
 	<li>Type this command to recreate the BCD and replace the x:\ with the assigned letter earlier:
<pre>bcdboot c:\Windows /l en-us /s x: /f ALL</pre>
</li>
 	<li>In above command, Windows is installed on <code>c:\</code>. If the drive letter where you have Windows 10 installed is different, replace c:\ with your drive letter.</li>
 	<li>Remove the DVD from the disk tray</li>
 	<li>Type <code>exit</code></li>
 	<li>Restart your computer</li>
</ol>
[caption id="attachment_5074" align="alignnone" width="980"]<a href="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/W8_uefi_fix.png"><img class="wp-image-5074 size-large" src="https://neosmart.net/wiki/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/06/W8_uefi_fix-1024x768.png" alt="Windows 10 bootrec utility results screen" width="980" height="735" /></a> Windows 10 bootrec utility results screen[/caption]
<h2>More Information</h2>
[partial name="partial_moreinfo" versions="xp,vista,7,8,10,11"]